Lesson 2 - Beginning phonetic course
- Consonant sounds [г], [к], [р], [л]
- Qualitative reduction
- Reduction of sounds [а] and [о]
- Intonation of declarative sentence (IC-1)
- Work at home
Consonant sounds [г], [к], [р], [л]
Consonants can be voiced and voiceless. In Russian language there are 6 pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants. In this lesson you will learn third pair of voiced and voiceless consonants: г and к.
Consonant letter Г г [г], [к] – voiced, sounds almost like «g» in english word «goat». And it sounds almost like «k» in english word «skin» - at the end of the word and syllable. While pronouncing the sound [г] the tongue is behind the lower teeth and the tip of the tongue touches them. The back part of the tongue and the palate are in contact, the air stream breaks them. The vocal cords work.
While pronouncing the sound [к] the articulation is the same, but the air stream is stronger and vocal cords don’t work.
Consonant letter К к [к] – voiceless, it sounds almost like «k» in English word «skin». While pronouncing sound [к] the articulation is like the pronouncing [г], but the air stream is stronger and vocal cords don’t work.
Exercise 1. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the syllables.
1.
| ка-ко-ку | ак-эк-ок | га-го-гу |
| ку-ко-ка | ук-ык-ик | гу-го-га |
2.
| ака-ага | ка-га-ка | га-ка-га |
| аку-агу | ко-го-ко | го-ко-го |
| ако-аго | ку-гу-ку | гу-ку-гу |
3.
| гна-гно-гну-гны | кта-кто-кту-кты |
| кма-кмо-кму-кмы | кна-кно-кну-кны |
4.
| ага-ака | агма-акма |
| ого-око | игма-икма |
| угу-уку | угма-укма |
Exercise 2. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the words and phrases. Write the transcription of the words.
1.
|
Куда́, как, так, ток, кто, танк, банк, год, кот, гудо́к |
2.
| 1. Тут банк. 2. Банк там. 3. Тут кот. |
Exercise 3. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the words and syllables.
| аг[ак] - ак | маг[мак] - мак |
| ог[ок] - ок | дог[док] - док |
| уг[ук] - ук | буг[бук] - бук |
| иг[ик] - ик | миг[мик] - мик |
| мог[мок] – мок |
Consonant letter Р р [р] – voiced, sounds almost like «r» in english word «rabbit». While pronouncing the sound [р] the middle part of the tongue is taken down and forms a cavity. Tense tip of the tongue is raised and vibrates because of the air stream. The vocal cords work.
Consonant letter Л л [л] – voiced, sounds like «l» in english word «let». While pronouncing the sound [л] the middle part of the tongue is taken down and forms a cavity. The tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth. The whole tongue is tense and is spoonlike in shape. The vocal cords work.
Exercise 4. Listen and repeat after the teacher.
1.
| ра-ро-ру | ар-ор-ур | ара-аро |
| ру-ро-ра | ур-ир-ыр | ару-ары |
2.
| тра-тро-тру-тры | нра-нро-нру-нры |
| дра-дро-дру-дры | мра-мро-мру-мры |
| бра-бро-бру-бры | рта-рто-рту-рты |
| пра-про-пру-пры | рка-рко-рку-ркы |
| кра-кро-кру-кры | рда-рдо-рду-рды |
| гра-гро-гру-гры | рба-рбо-рбу-рбы |
Exercise 5. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the words and phrases. Write the transcription of the words.
1.
|
рот, род, рад, рука́, икра́, игра́, трап, троп, трон, труд, наро́д, пара́д, ара́б, пар, друг, драп, грамм, уро́к, грунт, брат, март, парк |
2.
|
1. Там парк. 2. Там брат. 3. Тут уро́к. 4. Тут друг. 5. Он ара́б. 6. Он рад. |
Exercise 6. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the words and syllables.
1.
| ла-ло-лу | ал-ол-ул | ала-ало |
| лу-ло-ла | ул-ол-ал | алу-алы |
2.
| кла-кло-клу-клы | лка-лко-лку |
| гла-гло-глу-глы | лга-лго-лгу |
3.
| ар-ал | ра-ла | ара-ала |
| ор-ол | ро-ло | аро-ало |
| ур-ул | ру-лу | ару-алу |
| ир-ил | ры-лы | ары-алы |
4.
| ра-ла-ра | ла-ра-ла | рак-лак |
| ро-ло-ро | ло-ро-ло | рот-лот |
| ру-лу-ру | лу-ру-лу | рука-лука |
| ры-лы-ры | лы-ры-лы | рама-лама |
Exercise 7. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the syllables.
| бла-бло-блу-блы | дла-дло-длу-длы |
| пла-пло-плу-плы | тла-тло-тлу-тлы |
| мла-мло-млу-млы | лба-лбо-лбу-лбы |
| лга-лго-лгу-лгы |
Exercise 8. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the words and phrases. Write the transcription.
1.
|
Лак, лук, луна́, игла́, была́, был, тыл, клуб, план, пол, глаго́л. |
2.
|
1. Он там. 2. Он был там. 3. Брат был там. 4. Друг был там. 5. Там луна́. 6. Там клуб. 7. Тут план. 8. Там пол. |
Qualitative reduction
In unstressed syllables the vowels undergo the reduction. There are 2 types of the reduction:
1. Quantitative reduction – the sound becomes shorter
2. Qualitative reduction – the sound changes its timbre
Reduction of sounds [а] and [о]
Table1. a [а]:
1. [a] when stressed (ма́ма [ма́ма], па́па, а́вгуст)
2. shorter [a] when unstressed (стака́н [стака́н], авто́бус, магази́н). Quantitative reduction.
1. [o] when stressed (о́н [о́н], мо́ст, до́м, по́л)
2. [а] when unstressed (она́ [ана́], крова́ть [крава́т̒], коридо́р, потоло́к) – in unstressed position “o” is pronounced in the same way as short [a]. Qualitative reduction.
The softness of a consonant is indicated in writing by the soft mark «ь» which follows it or by the letters и, е, ё, ю, я. Now you know one of them – vowel letter «и».
Exercise 9. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the words and phrases. Write the transcription.
Она́, гора́, кора́, нога́, когда́, окно́, пото́м, пого́н.
Intonation of declarative sentence (IC-1)
There are five main intonational constructions in Russian. The intonational construction IC-1 conveys the message, the completed statement (declarative sentence).
Table3. IC-1: Там гора́. There is a mountain.
Exercise 10. Listen and repeat after the teacher all the phrases. Write the transcription.
1. Там гора́. 2. Тут бана́н. 3. Там бато́н. 4. Она́ была́ там. 5. Там окно́.
6. Клуб был там.
Exercise 11. Read and translate
Там дом и парк. А тут гора́ и луна́.
Exercise 12. Write down bold words from the exercises 2, 5, 8, 9 and learn them.
Exercise 13. Indicate an accented vowel in every word.
Define the number of the accented vowel of the word. Do by the model.
Model: иду́т - 3